The Main Causes of Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Main Causes of Global Warming - Essay Example Ozone harming substances are expanding in rate in the environment. An arrival of methane gas from the wetlands and the cold tundra is a reason for an Earth-wide temperature boost (. Methane gas traps heat in the environment of the earth. Methane is additionally discharged from farming and landfills, just as from the brushing animals’ stomach related frameworks. Composts discharge nitrous oxide which is additionally an ozone harming substance. Carbon dioxide is another gas that is answerable for a dangerous atmospheric devation and its rate in the air is quickly expanding because of deforestation. These are amazing gases as reasons for a dangerous atmospheric devation. â€Å"A atom of methane delivers in excess of multiple times the warming of a particle of CO2. Nitrous oxide is multiple times more remarkable than CO2† (â€Å"Causes of Global†). Absence of adequate or productive reusing is another reason for a worldwide temperature alteration. Since more material gets squandered than is reused, the inadequacy hence created is tended to by extricating new minerals, metals, and materials from the earth through activities and procedures, that not just outcome in a consumption of the regular assets in the earth, yet additionally produce gigantic measures of ozone harming substances into the air (â€Å"Recycling†). Absence of adequate reusing is in this way a roundabout reason for a worldwide temperature alteration. In the event that legitimate channels and laws are built up to flourish in the act of reusing, there can be gotten a significant decrease request just as a dangerous atmospheric devation. Another reason for an Earth-wide temperature boost is the carbon discharged into the climate because of the copying of fuel. Since the time man-made vehicles and began driving them with the burning of fuel, carbons have been discharged into the air.

Noughts and Crosses Essay -- essays research papers

Noughts and Crosses ‘Noughts and Crosses† by Malorie Blackman is a novel which follows the lives and encounters of two characters, Callum and Sephy. All through the book Blackman manages various issues including connections, liquor misuse, power misuse, gloom and brutality. Notwithstanding, the key issues of the book are bigotry and partiality. These issues of bigotry and preference are passed on through the account strategies of portrayal, perspective, language, structure and setting. The creator utilizes language as an apparatus to show the characters’ status in the public eye as dark or white. Different language strategies are utilized to show the classes of society. The words â€Å"blanker† (utilized by blacks to depict whites) and â€Å"dagger† (utilized by whites to portray blacks) are utilized over and over all through the novel. This utilization of language mirrors the bigoted perspectives towards each other in Blackman’s radical world. There is a lot of imagery utilized in these words. â€Å"Blanker† is utilized to portray a clear, useless, brainless white individual. Also, â€Å"dagger† is utilized to portray a weapon that is equipped for scratching and cutting off, decreasing and detaching an individual, or in any event, finishing them totally. â€Å" I wager it was one of her blanker companions, they’re clear by name and clear by nature†. Through the distinction of instructed, formal language utili zed by Crosses and the occasionally dull, basic language of the noughts, the peruser can see the evaluations where noughts and Crosses are independently classed. Through this procedure I trust Blackman is attempting to demonstrate the degree to which bigotry can influence individuals. It can decrease, debase and have overwhelming social effects on an individual demonstrating where they have a place and what they will never be. The language is additionally used to underscore the sentiments and feelings of Callum and Sephy. The utilization of illustrative composing is utilized by Blackman to give the peruser knowledge into the impacts and feelings of prejudice. â€Å"I was talking like my mouth was loaded with stones †and sharp barbed ones at that.† The book is brimming with engaging composition and non-literal language with utilization of analogies and representations to investigate the sentiments of Callum and Sephy. The manner by which Blackman utilizes these language methods impacts the peruser to particularly feel sorry for the white race and the manner in which they are treated in the book. Blackman has made her own reality to take after our own operation... ...fective in introducing the two sides of their story complementing the distinctions in life principles, openings and rights. Anyway Callum’s despair despite everything influences Sephy, in any event, when you are the well off little girl of a regarded lawmaker, Sephy will never be content until she can be with Callum in an equivalent society. I think the creators esteems and perspectives are plainly appeared through Sephy’s misery. Blackman accepts love and family to be a higher priority than business, material products, cash and skin shading. Noughts and Crosses is a top to bottom story which investigates the issues of bigotry and preference and the impacts they can have on society. Blackman has made her very own universe in complete differentiation to the general public we live in. By doing this she has affected her perusers, tested our specific circumstances and permitted the peruser understanding into the impacts of prejudice and the enduring it can cause. Blackman has successfully utilized a scope of account strategies to breath life into her reality giving the white peruser a sample of the segregation blacks have languished over hundreds of years, inciting sentiments of sympathy and comprehension. By flipping around the world, Blackman makes her perusers see things all the more plainly.

How to Practically Implement the Theory of Constraints

How to Practically Implement the Theory of Constraints Talking about something can be easy. But when it comes to taking action, the task can be daunting.This may be due to a lack of understanding of what is to be done. It can also be caused by a lack of experience in taking the kind of action required.Yet you should not give up and wait to see what follows your inaction.Whether you are a startup or a large corporation, you definitely want to make your operations more efficient.Having learned about the Theory of Constraints in a previous article, today we want to focus primarily on implementation.We will use a company example to see how every step of the theory can be implemented.6 STEPS TO FOLLOW IN IMPLEMENTING THE THEORY OF CONSTRAINTSWe will go straight into defining our environment. For this article, we will assume that you run a car manufacturing plant.The name of the car you manufacture is Future and the company name is the same.Your goal is to have Future outdo the competition by providing an affordable high quality electric car. It has all the technology to go with it including a wireless connection.This is to enable it get software updates from you while picking calendar events from the owner to plan for trips.With such a great product, you have already made some sales.You are currently improving the product by incorporating customer feedback into the manufacturing process.From your marketing campaigns, people are excited and you have received pre-orders for the improved version. Though initially not sure about pre-orders, you decided to give your customers the opportunity.You met with your finance, production and logistics managers and set the pre-order price. Money came in and now have your hands full.It’s time to work.The ProblemFrom making an annual sale of 300 units, you now have orders for 700 units. You have promised to deliver within 10 months. From your estimation, this is possible.Unfortunately, the possibility proves impossible.Since you need to produce 70 units per month, you hire more staff to fill the gap. The work seems to continue well, only that at the end of the first month, you have only produced 45 cars.From a quick analysis, you realize that the staff have not been working as fast as you need them to. But some managers inform you that the work cannot be done faster otherwise the quality will be compromised.You still push them and the second month sees 5 more produced.At this point, you are 45 units behind schedule. The first month was 25 cars less (70 â€" 45) while the second month was 20 less (70 â€" 50).At this rate, you will need 4 more months to fulfill the order of 700 cars.You need to do something fast. You need to communicate to the customers as soon as possible and prepare them for a delay.What exactly went wrong?Let’s find out.1. Identify a Measurable GoalIn using the theory of constraints, there is a step which is often overlooked. Perhaps the step is seen to be too obvious to be mentioned. But that assumption can be very costly.This is the step whe re you identify a measurable goal. With a measurable goal, you are then able to find out what is causing you not to achieve your goal.Skipping this step leaves you with no clear way of knowing whether you are performing well or not.Let’s look at how this works in the company Future.There were pre-orders for 700 cars. From your estimation, these would have been produced within 10 months.What is it that would have happened if you never checked how much you were manufacturing every month? What if you just waited for 10 months to lapse then sought to deliver?You would have been shocked to find that you only had 450 cars.From your follow-up, you managed to push the production to 50 cars on the second month. With everything remaining constant, you would then have 495 cars by the end of month ten.Because you had identified the need for 70 units per month, you were able to easily recognize when a problem occurred.This is your measurable goal.If you didn’t have it, you would be taken by surprise come delivery day. Or you would notice the shortfall when it was too late.This would have resulted in negative press once angry customers took you to task.2. Identify the ConstraintFor a successful utilization of the theory of constraints, first realize that there is a problem. The presence of a problem is however not all you need to realize.The bigger task is to identify the problem itself.More specifically, identify the cause of the problem. This problem is what the theory refers to as a constraint. Another word used for it is the bottleneck. It is where the flow of work is most limited, hindering optimized operations.Identifying the constraint can take some time. In some cases, it may not be very clear. For that reason, a hurried inquiry may lead to a wrong conclusion.This is as bad as treating a non-existent disease. When a misdiagnosis is given at the hospital, the problem worsens.The current disease remains unnoticed while another one is indirectly introduced.So, letâ €™s identify the constraint.In Future, where you manufacture a similarly-named car, you have five main processes in production.1. Production of the engine â€" this is one of the time-consuming parts of your manufacturing. Considering the number of your staff, you can do a maximum of four engines on a good day. You need around 2 hours to finish one.2. Production of the chassis â€" this takes the second-longest to complete. A total of 1.5 hours is needed for the chassis.3. Production of the body â€" this also uses 1.5 hours to produce. The design of Future makes it time consuming. For the aerodynamics conditions to be met, more time is needed.4. Production of the tires â€" the production part which needs the least time to manufacture is the tires. The modern machines used and the highly-automated process make a huge difference. Four tires are produced in a record 30 minutes.This means that when one body is complete, there are enough tires for 3 cars. In the two hours needed to finish working on the engine, there are tires for 4 cars.5. Assembly of the car â€" assembling the car takes 3 hours. Although the initial stages of this process are carried out by machines, there are final touches which need a human hand.All in all, to produce one car, it takes a total of 5 hours. This is because the engine, chassis, body and tires are all produced concurrently.These processes run separately but at the same time. The item taking the most time to produce is what determines the total production time.That item is the engine. Since it takes 2 hours to produce the engine, and 3 hours to assemble everything, the whole car takes 5 hours.6. Storage â€" after the successful manufacturing of every car, it is moved to the storage area. This is done in less than 5 minutes. It is safe not to consider this as part of production.So what is the constraint?The constraint lies in the assembly. This is the part of the production where things slow down. It is the most time-consuming part of the process and it hinders faster production.3. Exploit the ConstraintThe next step is to look for ways of exploiting the constraint. This is where you seek to make the most out of the constraint.In most cases, most managers will seek to do an upgrade of the system so as to increase the capacity. Obviously this is a viable option but with the theory of constraints, that is not the best option.At least not at this point.This theory dictates that before undertaking major system changes, first make minor ones.These small changes will increase your productivity at a lower cost and help you understand the shortcomings of your system.In a way, this is what initially happened at Future. Due to increased pressure, the staff were able to produce 5 more vehicles without any increase in operational costs.At this point however, the area of focus is the assembly line.How do you exploit it for maximum production?You will need to do two things:1. Identify the cause of the problem â€" since you can never fix a problem you are not aware of, first identify the problem. What exactly happens at the assembly point? How is the work carried out? What do the employees do before receiving the parts to be assembled? What happens to the assembly machine?With work beginning every morning, the staff in this section are mainly idle. The machines which do the primary assembly are also off.They get switched on once the parts are available from the other processes. The machines themselves take around 15 minutes to be ready.Looking at the assembly process, you notice that between the machine shift and human shift, some time is lost.From your estimation, this is around 20 minutes. More than that, the human part of the work takes more time as your staff counter-check each other’s work three times.With each employee taking around 10 minutes to finish the assembly, it eventually takes 30 minutes for three employees.2. Fix the cause of the problem â€" with so much time getting wasted, what do you do?The solution is to cut off the “extra” time being used to do what has already been done i.e. counter-checking. This is the solution for the last part of the process.For the time taken before the machines are ready to start assembly, the machines can be switched on 30 minutes before receiving the parts.This will eliminate the 15 minutes wasted during powering. The additional 15 minutes can be used to check the machines for any problems.Then there are the 20 minutes getting lost as the final product moves from the machines to the human workers.If your staff stand ready to receive the work from the machine, they will save this 20 minutes. If they switch the machines on before the production processes are completed, they will save a further 15 minutes.Lastly, doing away with two of the counter-checking staff avails 20 more minutes. In total, you will save 55 minutes if you implement these changes.This can easily be rounded off to 1 hour if the workers simply concentrate on the w ork being done.This solution will increase the efficiency of the constraint. There will be no time wasted. The machines will be ready for work as soon as the production phase is complete.If 1 hour is saved at the assembly line, then it will take 4 hours to complete one car. If the work is being done in 8-hour day shifts, then one day can see 2 vehicles completed.This is as opposed to the need for a 10-hour day shift if finishing one car in 5 hours.If manufacturing takes place every day of the week, then you will be able to produce at least 60 cars in a month. This is 10 more from the 50 you are getting after piling pressure on your staff.This stage focuses on maximizing the constraint. When you do this, overall productivity is improved.4. Subordinate to the ConstraintThis is the stage where you make changes to the other stages of production.This is to align them with the constraint.At first, this may seem counter-intuitive, but there is a good reason for it.When you align all operat ions to the constraint, you create some advantages. Some of these are:Easy monitoring of the system â€" it becomes easy to see what is going on in each area of operation. The point of focus is the constraint thus your attention will be on it. With a keener eye on the constraint, you are able to ensure the changes you made are implemented and working.Increased inventory safety â€" when individual parts of the whole system are working at maximum capacity, one danger lurks in the shadows. Inventory safety is compromised. If you are producing 4 tires in half an hour yet assembly takes 3 hours, where are the extra tires going?Of course they can be stored awaiting assembly time.But this arrangement opens the door to potential loss of inventory. If the tires are way more than the engine and chassis, it becomes easy to lose track.Improved collaboration â€" subordinating to the constraint makes every system work at the pace of the constraint. This means everyone works at the same pace. The f low of work will be improved since all your staff are on the same page. This is what teamwork should be like. How do you subordinate to the constraint?There are two simple steps. The second one is more of an “extra” step you can take to further improve productivity at the constraint.STEP NO. 1: Reduce the number of tires being produced. For every 2 hours needed for assembly, have only one set of four tires produced. Since chassis and body production take 1.5 hours each, those can remain as they are.At the beginning of every working day, the individual processes can begin. The aim is to produce only one product after 2 hours; an engine, body, chassis and four tires. These go into the assembly line.While assembling the car is ongoing, those individual processes start over again. The aim? Produce only one item. This includes the tires where only one set is to be produced.Although the engine guys will not experience any change, those working on the chassis and body will experience s ome idle time. The same applies to the tire producers.This is all okay because your intention is to stop having a backlog at the constraint. Whenever there is a backlog, things often go wrong. For instance, your staff at the constraint will feel overwhelmed. Whenever there is a feeling of being overwhelmed, unproductivity is the end result. Source: Sacha ChuaThere is nothing worse than going home knowing you did not finish today’s work. Even refreshing your mind becomes a challenge.When your staff go home having finished the day’s work, they feel good about themselves. They have accomplished the day’s goal.In the long run therefore, you will have invested in your system by investing in your staff.STEP NO. 2: Take the idle staff to the assembly line. While focusing on the constraint, it might be great to make further improvements at the constraint. Since your tire guys have 1.5 hours of rest and your chassis and body producers have 30 minutes each of free time, they can help out with assembly.This is a cheap way of utilizing your staff.If you were not using the theory of constraints, you probably would have rushed to hire more staff for your assembly.But following this theory, you have taken a different route. One that has saved you considerable amounts of money.It is also important to realize that rushing to hire more staff doesn’t necessarily solve problems.You will have to train the new employees and have them familiarize themselves with everything.It becomes an additional cost yet you most likely never understood what the problem really was.With this management theory, you tackle issues one by one, starting with the most urgent one. This gives you a thorough understanding of the root causes of the problem.Furthermore, any improvements made in the system have a longer-lasting effect.5. Increase the Constraint’s CapacityOnce you have done all the above and decide you still want more cars produced per day, it’s now time to make an expensive investment.You have many options to choose from.You may decide to buy or lease more machines which handle the initial part of the assembly.You can also buy more advanced machines and have a fully-automated car assembly system.Still, there is the option of outsourcing this part of the production process.The options are as many as you can think of.At the end of the day, what matters is that you have made tremendous savings.These come in cash when you avoided an expensive upgrade too early.And in reducing the amount of backlog for the constraint, you prevented potential inventory loss.Better still, you have improved internal efficiency by dealing with the real problem.This management methodology is helpful in training someone to eliminate noise and get to the root of the problem.6. Repeat the Above Process with a New ConstraintHaving done the good job of dealing with the constraint, you need to check the system again for another constraint.There will most likely be another one which you didn’t see at first since it wasn’t the biggest bottleneck.You should follow the above steps in dealing with that new constraint.Repeating this process severally will help you make systematic changes in a manageable manner.CONCLUSIONThis was a realistic example of how the theory of constraints can be implemented.You can visualize the practical steps and apply them in your company. You will definitely experience the benefits.

The Impact Of Shakespeare s Character Representation

The Impact of Shakespeare on Character Representation Writing is an inexhaustible source for sharing emotions and ideas. Robin Williams once said that â€Å"Poetry, beauty, romance, love, these are what we stay alive for.† What we put into our writing is a part of us and should touch others in positive way. Whether to inform, persuade, or entertain, it meant to be passionate. For most students, almost all of knowledge we learn in English glass is about either about boring, dull research papers we will have to write or lively, emotion-filled lessons to share with the world. The reader can take their guess as to this writer’s bias. William Shakespeare was able to capture that emotion perfectly in both his plays and sonnets. His ability to†¦show more content†¦Which brings us to our next big point. Shakespeare’s writing was written with a thematic message specific to what he saw both in the government and society at the time, which is a big deal in itself, but not the biggest. A huge difference between his writing and all those before him, and most after, was that his writing was â€Å"not of an age, but for all time† (Wells 17). His statements about the mass public being blind to our society’s crumbling democracy in Julius Caesar are still being debated today. The inability of powerful leaders to forgive and forget until â€Å"it is too late† was portrayed in the romance Romeo and Juliet before state diplomacy was even legitimately formed. Haikus and young adult books may be generalized enough for the topic to be stretched across our daily life, but Shakespeare’s poems and plays are specific and shot straight into the very nerve that controls thought provocation. Even the legendary Sonnet 18, â€Å"Shall I Compare thee to a Summer’s Day,† is still prominent in todays society for its ability to shortly display immense infatuation. But readers do not have to take just my word for it. In an accounting of an address of by H.B. Charlton, a scholar of Shakespeare, he stated that â€Å"when an author is really an artist, his preface is of no moment and his plays are the thing.† He meant that how a story contextually started does not matter because the story should apply to them all. The first reaction thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sax s Film Othello 1457 Words   |  6 PagesGeoffrey Sax s advanced retelling of William Shakespeare s Othello can control Shakespeare s unique ideas in spite of the time period and connection in which both writings happen, while investigating the all inclusive topics of prejudice, misogyny and force. Shakespeare s play reflects conventional Elizabethan connections and qualities in its investigation of such ideas amidst a catastrophe impelled on by misleading and desirously (Aebischer 12). 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Higher Education Wasted Or Worthwhile - 2800 Words

Ross Landry English 1A – Rebecca Quinn Term Paper Draft 11/25/14 Higher Education: Wasted or Worthwhile? You graduate kindergarten to go on to elementary school. Finishing elementary school leads directly to middle school. Completing middle school provides a lovely segue into high school. And finally, graduating from high school leads to†¦ well, what now? The sequence above describes the typical flowchart of educational development in the United States. The great thing about it is that its linear nature makes it very easy to follow. One step leads to the next, then to the next, and then to the next. It only becomes complicated after graduating high school, because then the next step is not so clear. There is a†¦show more content†¦Is it true that a pursuit of higher education is actually a better choice than getting to work right out of high school? This is written so well! If we are going to compare these two paths, then a common basis on which they will be compared is required. This basis is found by asking the question: â €Å"What is the purpose of receiving an education?† Since there are many arguable reasons to receive an education, for the sake of this paper we will narrow it down to one: to obtain an employable set of skills in order to earn income. Therefore, the basis for comparison will be which path leads to better financial security in the long run. With this basis set, we can now set the driving question this paper seeks to examine: â€Å"Does the investment in higher education yield a sufficient return to justify its cost in modern America? And if so, will it continue?† Or, to put it more simply: â€Å"Is college worth it?† The most obvious place to begin exploring this question is by looking at differences between two groups: individuals who have graduated college and those who have not. Right off the bat, the data appears to support the commonly held narrative. In 2011, the average person who had received education as far as the 8th grade level was projected t o earn $936,000 during a 40-year span of full-time working (Julian). Up next were individuals who had completed grades 9-11, who were estimated to earn $1,099,000, also during a 40-year span

Catcher in the Rye Essay Free Essays

Catcher in the Rye Essay In the novel The Catcher and the Rye by J. D. Salinger Holden believes childhood, and adulthood are completely different. We will write a custom essay sample on Catcher in the Rye Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Holden believes childhood is very immature, and playful, and adulthood is mature and serious. Childhood, and adulthood are not as different as Holden makes them out to be, there is a difference but even some adults act childish, and some children act mature and serious for their age. Holden believes he is superior to all other people including adults, making him believe he is in adulthood, but in reality the things he does and say make him very childish. Holden believes there are distinct differences between adulthood and childhood. Holden thinks adults don’t care about anyone but themselves and that they try to ruin his life like his teachers and his parents, â€Å"He put my god dam paper down then looked at me like he’d just beaten hell out of me in ping-pong or something. I don’t think I’ll ever forgive him for reading me that crap out loud†(12). Holden believed all adults were out to get him and make him feel terrible about himself. He thought adults always had to have it their way because their age made them superior, â€Å" Its ten bucks, chief. I tole you that. Ten bucks for a throw, fifteen bucks till noon. I tole you that. You did not tell me that. You said five bucks a throw. You said fifteen bucks till noon, all right, but I distinctly heard you†(101). Holden believed adults thought they could just take advantage of you because they were older and knew children couldn’t do anything about it. Holden thought the nature of childhood was the complete opposite of adulthood, he believed all were naive, innocent, and always did what they were told. She’s not little enough anymore to go stark staring mad in the toy department, but she enjoys horsing around and looking at the people†(197). Holden thought because of someone’s young age all they cared about was having fun and playing with toys but a lot of children are mature because of experiences they have gone through that have forced them to lose their childhood and grow up faster then expected, â€Å" I’m going with you. Can I? Okay? W hat? I said I almost fell over when she said that†(206). Two children wanted to run away one because he needed to get away and the other because children are influenced by their elders and want to do things they see or in many cases younger siblings want to be just like their older siblings. Childhood and adulthood are not as different as Holden makes them out to be. Childhood and adulthood can be determined by many different factors age, maturity, and experience. Their are many children who have not had a childhood because they were forced to grow up because of certain experiences they have gone through, like Holden. He was forced to grow up when he was on his own for the three days, he got on a bus by himself, got a hotel, and ordered a prostitute. Holden also was forced to grow up when his brother Allie died, he was now the oldest sibling, and just the going through the experience of losing a sibling had to have made him stronger as a person. Holden believes he doesn’t have to listen to anyone, because he thinks he knows everything. He didn’t think he had to try in school so he failed out of 5 schools, he didn’t listen to the advice his teachers gave him, â€Å" I’m pretty sure he yelled Good Luck! At me. I hope not. I hope to hell not. I’d never yell Good Luck! At anybody. It sounds terrible when you think about it† (15-16) Holden thought when elders gave him advice they we insulting him, or calling him dumb. These acts making him very childish but he thinks he is mature and an â€Å"adult† even though he is still in high school. He has gone through experiences in which made him have to grow up but by thinking he had to grow up he began to think that adults shouldn’t have to tell him what to do making him childish. Holden is still young and naive and in his childhood stage but has gone through so much making him a mature boy that still has his childish moments. In the novel The Catcher and the Rye by J. D. Salinger Holden has an opinion that adulthood and childhood are nothing alike. He thinks he is an adult and can do whatever he pleases. Holden may have matured as a person and in age but he still has his innocent and childish moments like any adult out there. How to cite Catcher in the Rye Essay, Essays Catcher In The Rye essay Free Essays â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† is a sophisticated yet simple character. He can be represented in many ways. The photo of James Dean represents Holder accurately. We will write a custom essay sample on Catcher In The Rye essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The photo shows Holder’s external as well as internal characteristics. It represents Holder because: the photo portrays his tough guy attitude, suggests his outward toughness as well as his positive aspects, and the photo shows Holder’s internal sensitivity. Holder Coalfield Is precisely represented by the photo of James Dean. Holder’s typical attitude Is cynical, sarcastic and tough. The photo’s most prominent attitude is tough and mean, Just Like Holder. This represents Holder not Just because they both have the same attitude, but because that Is what defines Holder. An example of this Is when Holder fought Seedeater. Seedeater says, â€Å"If I letch up, will you keep your mouth shut? ‘ and Holder replies with, â€Å"Yes† then says, â€Å"You’re a dirty stupid consultants of a moron. † (Slinger 44). Holder displays his toughness when even at a disadvantage and pinned down he still jabbers on. The photo of James Dean represents both Holder’s outward toughness and some f his positive aspects. Although it mainly represents his negative, sadistic outward toughness, the photo shows some of his positive aspects. Dean’s jacket represents Holder’s inflated ego and his hunter hat. The hunting hat is correlated to the jacket because the leather jacket makes Dean feel cool. Holder believes he is a big shot while wearing the hat but also admits it is a bit corny. Holder says, â€Å"The way I wore it, I swung the old peak way around to the back?very corny, I’ll admit, but I liked it that way. I looked good in it that way† (Slinger 18). This shows Holder’s outward toughness because even though the hat looks silly, he wears it anyway giving the impression that he doesn’t care about what people thing, like a tough guy would. A positive aspect about Holder is that since he cares about his appearance, he cares about what people think, and since he cares about what people think he must care about people. In the end, Holder is not a cold-hearted person after all. Lastly, the photo suggests Holder’s internal sensitivity. Internal Holder is far deferent from external Holder; internal Holder is sensitive and external Holder is tough. James Dean’s face represents Holder’s weak side. Internal Holder Is scared, sad and mad. He is scared because he Is afraid of losing people he Is fond of and of growing up. Holder is sad because Holder misses his brother, Allele and by the end of the book, he misses all his friends at school. Holder says, â€Å"Don’t ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody. † (Stallings 214). This shows that Holder doesn’t bother getting to know people because he knows one day they will be gone. Holder’s built up anger Is from being kicked out school yet again. He directs this anger out on people around. In conclusion, the photo of James Dean very accurately represents Holder Coalfield. The photo shows Holder’s defining characteristics. It displays Holder’s tough attitude, suggests both his outward toughness and his positive aspects, and the photo shows Holder’s sensitivity and internal characteristics. The representation How to cite Catcher In The Rye essay, Essays

ROWE program at best buy

Introduction To stay competitive countries today are establishing different strategies to increase employee productivity and encourage results (Chandler 2001). Best Buy is no different from other American companies, to deal with the issue of overworking staff; it established results- only work environment that allows employees to control their own schedules (Cullen 2003).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on ROWE program at best buy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discuss culture at Best buy Best buy after the new program was introduced; the employees control their own work, schedules. Nobody is forced at the company to join the team sign up for the ROWE program everyone joins willingly. The company eliminated the time clocks and the two-hour meeting and now has the employees come to work at their timing. The workers communicate via pagers and email. The company staffs operate on trust where the company believes tha t the workers will deliver. The culture of the company involves giving the employees freedom to work anywhere as long as the work is delivered. Discuss approach to organization change that the ROWE program illustrate The ROWE program starts with training sessions for the employees at Best Buy, where the employees undergo training. The first step is to ensure that the attitudes of all employees are dug out. Overworking in the organization was common and employees would even make fun of the idea. The program seeks to erase the cultural barriers amongst the staff members and encourage the employees to adopt the changes fast. The sessions also see the employees through the principles of the ROWE program, which include less supervision, fewer meetings and no time clocks. The employees have got to establish their work systems in line with the organizational structure. ROWE illustrates a total change in the way Best Buy employees approach work related issues. Discuss the resistance both or ganizational and individual that the ROWE program had to overcome? When a company introduces new policies and programs into the country, there is always the likelihood to face resistance (Alvesson 2002). Resistance comes from many sides, internally and externally, from managers and workers. People at first feel like the change interrupts the normal day activity and it could be hard to adopt the new policies (Alvesson 2002). When the ROWE program was introduced in Best Buy, resistance was evident amongst individuals and the managers. Managers pulled a form of resistance because they did not want to take responsibility for the employee’s level of stress.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The employees would show the stress they had and they would place it on management level. Employees at Best Buy were being overworked and were under immense pressure to perform. The prog ram was introduced to help employee deal with some of those issues. Best buy legal department also showed signs of resistance towards the ROWE program. The legal department was against this policy because the in-house attorneys are worried that their pay will be reduced. The legal department is compensated based on how they treat their clients but do not have any influence on sales. The change introduced at Best Buy could prove to reduce legal issues and affect the attorney’s pay. The corporate management team who were led by Brad Anderson also showed some resistance on introducing the ROWE program to Best Buy. The team was not sure whether to adopt the program only at the head quarters or to have spread to other Best Buy stores. The team however, got convinced and decided to adopt the ROWE program. Best Buy’s main issue is to increase productivity and keep up with the competition from its competitors. The program was adopted because it would motivate employees. Discus s the source of stress that is apparent in the case Best Buy’s case is an example of a company that affects its employee’s morale due to overworking. In Best Buy the work seems to be much, leaving the employees on dilemma when it comes to carrying out their other activities. For instance Janssen who works in the finance department, is a mother of twins and has to pickup her children form day care. Her biggest challenge is that she does not have anyone to cover for her. This places the staff at Best Buy under pressure because there is no time left to carry out other activities and they cannot leave their office cubes because they have no one to replace them. Darrell Owen for instance worked for three days and night consecutively and landed in the hospital after that for fatigue issues. The company used to embrace a culture of long working hours and would encourage workers through bonuses.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on ROWE program at best buy s pecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The long hours put in also affected the employee’s family life, because they had to get to the office early and would leave late, working extra time sometime and also working on weekends. Janssen has always had it rough in the mornings, because she had to leave early before her children wake up because they would beg her to stay on. This was straining Janssen because she did not have ample time to spend with her children before she went to work. Joe pagano a vice president in merchandising also feels like the old system also forced him to sacrifice his family’s time working. Pagano would work every day, put in extra hours and also work on Saturday and Sunday. This made him distant from his family; he now wishes the new system was introduced earlier because he could have been a better father and husband. Janssen, Owen and Pagano show the great strain of overworking in companies and the nega tive effects it has on family (Hodson 2001). Best Buy policy was draining the employees emotionally and physically, as a result of the work schedules assigned. Discuss whether or not the organization culture has helped with the change? The ROWE program has helped change the company’s sales; within six to nine months Best Buy employee productivity increased by 35%. This was for the first two divisions chosen to experiment the ROWE program. One procurement division saw the voluntary turnover drop from 37% to 6%. Judy Thompson, the principle of culture is also happy with the change because the employees communicate now easily. With the paging devices and cell phones the employee conduct business anywhere they are. Judy thanks to the system can tell where the employees are with the white boards where they leave messaged, while out of the office. Janssen now with the new program does not have to leave early for work, and now has time for her children at home. She has her target wh ich she is to meet and has no pressure because Best Buy employees are free to design their work schedules. Janssen had in mind an idea of quitting when she was expectant but now with the new program she decided to stay.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because she has the freedom to work anywhere because what matters are results and not the time spent in the office. Pagano now with the new program has established time and even creates leisure time for himself such as playing golf. The analysis department now concentrates on finished projects and not on the turn up rate for each worker. The company had clocks and online calendars but both systems collapsed, now the company operates on a trust system. Conclusion The ROWE program introduced in Best Buy division is a good strategy to keep employees motivated and productive. This program also improves the employee’s accountability and responsibility level, because each employee is in charge of his or her own work schedules. References Alvesson, M. (2002). Understanding organizational culture. London, Sage publications. Chandler, A. D. (2001). Strategy and structure. New York MIT press. Cullen, K. (2003). Work and family in the eWork era. New York, IOS press. Hodson, R. ( 2001). Dignity at work. Oakleigh, Cambridge University press. This report on ROWE program at best buy was written and submitted by user Kenny Hartman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Rattler

Though most people have never experienced an actual encounter with a snake, they are given to understand that snakes are fearful creatures. We tend to believe that if we cross paths with a snake, it spells doom. We think of the fangs, the venom, and the sprightly nature of the snake as being the cause of fatalities. However, the author of â€Å"The Rattler† provides a totally different opinion of his encounter with a snake. In this case, the snake is coy and appears to be harmless; contrary to one’s expectation. The author of â€Å"The Rattler† leads the reader to believe that animals possess admirable qualities which humans can learn from; the author does this by describing the gestures, and feelings of the snake through the man’s point of view, causing the reader to compare them to those of the man. In describing certain gestures of the snake, the author pinpoints certain qualities and traits of the creature which are unassuming ; these gestures are then contradicted by the man’s contrasting actions. One particular lack of an action comes much to the surprise of the reader’s preconceived ideas of snakes. That is, when the man approaches the snake, it’s â€Å"head was not drawn back to strike.† This detail tells the reader that the snake does not wish to harm. It is merely staying away from others, and not provoking anger or fear from anything around it. Another gesture provided by the author, is when the man returned with the hoe, the snake had not moved. This detail depicts the snake to be confident, and bold, yet in a harmless manner. Just because the much larger man spotted it, this was not going to intimidate it or scare it off. Most of the time when one sees a wild creature of any species, that creature scurries away, in an attempt to esca pe possible harm. But the snake in the passage showed courage and fearlessness without using any of his defensive traits. And lastly, the author writes that the snake â€Å"... Free Essays on The Rattler Free Essays on The Rattler Though most people have never experienced an actual encounter with a snake, they are given to understand that snakes are fearful creatures. We tend to believe that if we cross paths with a snake, it spells doom. We think of the fangs, the venom, and the sprightly nature of the snake as being the cause of fatalities. However, the author of â€Å"The Rattler† provides a totally different opinion of his encounter with a snake. In this case, the snake is coy and appears to be harmless; contrary to one’s expectation. The author of â€Å"The Rattler† leads the reader to believe that animals possess admirable qualities which humans can learn from; the author does this by describing the gestures, and feelings of the snake through the man’s point of view, causing the reader to compare them to those of the man. In describing certain gestures of the snake, the author pinpoints certain qualities and traits of the creature which are unassuming ; these gestures are then contradicted by the man’s contrasting actions. One particular lack of an action comes much to the surprise of the reader’s preconceived ideas of snakes. That is, when the man approaches the snake, it’s â€Å"head was not drawn back to strike.† This detail tells the reader that the snake does not wish to harm. It is merely staying away from others, and not provoking anger or fear from anything around it. Another gesture provided by the author, is when the man returned with the hoe, the snake had not moved. This detail depicts the snake to be confident, and bold, yet in a harmless manner. Just because the much larger man spotted it, this was not going to intimidate it or scare it off. Most of the time when one sees a wild creature of any species, that creature scurries away, in an attempt to esca pe possible harm. But the snake in the passage showed courage and fearlessness without using any of his defensive traits. And lastly, the author writes that the snake â€Å"...

What to Pack for College

What to Pack for College Deciding what to pack when you head to school may seem more overwhelming than trying to get your entire high school career on one tiny admissions application. With a little planning and foresight, however, it doesnt have to be as complicated as it might seem at first. You'll Buy Stuff When You Get There You dont have to plan for your entire academic year when packing, especially if youre on a really tight budget. You can buy pens, extra binders, and lots of other things as the year goes on. Additionally, if you arent sure if you need to bring a small desk lamp or if the school will already provide one for you, for example, just research it in advance. See if the schools website says anything.Check out social media and ask other students.Call the residence life office and ask whats already in the room. Keep in mind, too, that you are building a new life of sorts for yourself. Dont try to duplicate your room at home so much as find things that will represent your time at school. Lastly, this list doesnt include all of the things that should go without explaining, like clothes and a backpack. This is meant to remind you of a few items that you might forget to pack and that just might make your college life a little easier. The Essentials Quarters - Possibly one of the highest-demand items on a college campus. Grab a roll or two before you go.Tip: If you run out, ask a fellow student who works as a waiter/waitress.Detergent and fabric softener - If you buy a big box because its cheaper in bulk, make sure you have a way to carry a little bit at a time. Theres no need to carry 25 pounds of detergent down three flights of stairs every time you need to wash your clothes.Laundry basket, hamper, or bag - Space is usually at a premium for college students, so this should double as a way to carry your clothes from your room to the washing machines.Fabric freshener  - Speaking of that dirty laundry... a bottle of spray fabric freshener like Febreze will keep your dorm room smelling fresh and your roommate happy.Shower caddy - Youll most likely need to carry your shower items (soap, shampoo, conditioner, razor, etc.) from your room and back. A good shower caddy should fit all your essentials.  Shower shoes - The showers at school may not be as clean as the one youre used to at home. Make sure you have something to prevent catching (or stepping in) anything nasty. Robe - Not everyone wants to walk from the shower to their room in only a towel.First aid kit - Something simple will do to help cover up and heal small injuries here and there.Sewing kit - This may seem like a lifesaver when youre on your last pair of clean socks . . . and your toe pokes through them.Small toolkit - These can be a little hard to find, but are worth the effort. A basic toolkit with a small hammer, screwdriver (with different kinds of tips), wrench, tape measure, and a few other essentials will come in handy during your time at school.Hangers - Its no fun to arrive at school with tons of clothes that have to live on your bed or closet floor for the first few days.  Cup, bowl, plate, fork, knife, and spoon - One set should work for grabbing pizza late at night, sharing the 2-liter soda your RA bought during midterms week and eating healthy snacks while studying between meals.Can opener - Theres just no way to get that can of soup open without one, especially when its really late and youre really hungry. Small items for clean-up - Depending on what you prefer, this could be Clorox wipes, paper towels, a rag or two, or a few sponges. No matter what it is, that cup of soda is inevitably going to spill and youll be prepared.Keychain - While you can wait to get this until you arrive, make sure its on your list. Most students have a keychain that holds their keys and student ID; get a sturdy one that will be hard to lose.Extra-long sheets - Check with your school before buying sheets. Most college residence halls have extra-long twin beds, which are a different size than standard twin beds. Youll need a specific size of sheets to fit them.Flash/jump/thumb drive - Perfect for printing at the library, saving your work when working with a group on someone elses computer, and bringing to class for presentations. Have two or three of these on hand in case one gets misplaced.Laptop lock - Make sure your laptop is as protected as possible, no matter how safe you feel.Power strip with surge prote ction - Residence hall rooms are notorious for not having enough plugs. Make sure you can safely plug in all the devices you bring. Extension cords - With rooms being small enough already, the last thing you need is to have to move things around just to reach an outlet.Printer paper - You just finished writing your essay, youre tired, and you want to go to bed. Who wants to spend twenty minutes searching for printer paper?Small fan - Many residence halls dont have air conditioning and can get pretty hot during the summer. A tiny fan will do wonders for circulating the air in your room, even in winter.Umbrella - If youre packing during a sunny day, this may totally slip your mind. But youll be grateful for it the first time it rains on campus.Fridge and microwave - Essentials for most college students. Make sure, though, that you coordinate with your roommate before bringing either of these.Additionally, make sure that whatever you bring doesnt exceed the limitations allowed in your hall. You can find out more about size and electricity limits by contacting your campus residence life office.Cell-phone charger - Oh , the horrors of forgetting this. If possible, get one with an extra long cord; outlets are usually in short supply. If you like to sleep with your phone by your bed (or use it as an alarm), you might not be able to do so if the cords too short. Things Not to Bring There are things that you do want to bring to campus and those that should definitely be avoided. Candles - These are rarely allowed in residence halls, and even on-campus apartments, because of the fire hazard. Even if you arent going to light them, they still may not be allowed.A fridge or microwave that exceeds the size and electricity limits for your room or apartment Hotplate - These are also usually not permitted in on-campus housing.Expensive equipment - You may think that bringing very high-quality stereo equipment will make you a popular student on your floor. That may be true, but doing so may also make you a target for theft. If there are other things youre thinking of bringing, its more important to have a rule for how to decide what to bring with you than it is to worry about whats right vs. whats wrong. Just use that smart brain of yours to make wise choices. Lastly, make sure you know how to keep your belongings safe once you arrive. Who wants to spend all that time packing just to have your things disappear?!

Family Related Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Related Issues - Essay Example The act classifies a parent as either biological, adoptive, step or foster parent or any other individual who took care of the employee when he/she was a child. The act further recognizes a son or daughter by biological means, adoption, foster, stepchild or legal ward child. The act does not imply that for a person to qualify leave under FMLA, to cater for his parent that the parent must have cared for the workers when he/she was a child (Effland & Kelly, 2009). The act recognizes a natal father as a parent even if the person did not bring up the child. A person also qualifies as a parent if the brought up the child, but they are not the biological parent. Tony was, therefore, qualified for the leave he had requested. It did not matter whether his biological father took care of him as a child; he qualifies as a parent. Q2. Explain whether the size of the business can have any effect on whether Tony is eligible for family leave under the FMLA According to FMLA, an eligible employee is an employee of a covered employer who has been in employment for a minimum of 12 months and has worked for a minimum of 1,250 hours during the 12-month period (ECFR, 2012). The employee also needs to be in employment at a worksite where the company sustains a staff of 50 or more on the payroll, and are within 75 miles of the worksite. The act does not discriminate on whether a person works part time or full time; as long as they have worked for the hours specified. For casual laborers, 52 weeks count as 12 months. The business needs to have at least 50 workers within 75 miles of the work site. The work site may be a single location or a variety of locations. Separate buildings may pass as one worksite if the buildings are close to each other; serve the same purpose and share staff and equipment. The size of the business may affect whether Tony qualifies for leave. The business need to have, at least, 50 employees in its payroll, whether they are permanent or casual. Herman’s business has over 50 employees, though not all of them are fulltime employees. The size of the business is, therefore, not a valid reason for denying Tony leave; additionally the reason that Harman gives that others will ask for leave if Tony gets leave is also not valid. Q3. Explain whether Herman can or cannot imply that if Tony takes a leave of absence under the FMLA, he may not have a job when he returns Since Tony qualifies for leave under FMLA, Tony has rights to several privileges. On return from leave, Tony should return to his previous post, regarding pay and other terms of employment. The act, however, foresees situations in which a business may restructure in order to accommodate the absence of an employee, or the employer may replace the worker (ECFR, 2012). In such cases, the employer has to reinstate the worker to a position identical to his previous place in terms of pay and terms. The duties must be similar, requiring the same skill, and bearing the same authority a nd responsibilities. The employee is also entitled to any pay increases in salary that happened while on leave; however, in the case of bonuses, it is dependent whether the bonus has ties to any achievement. In such a case, the employee will be under evaluation for qualification for the bonus. The only exemption from fulfilling these requirements is concerning aspects of the job that are not measurable or tangible. Harman is not justified in threatening to fire Tony

Vietnamese Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vietnamese Market - Essay Example Enforcement is primarily in the form of agreed upon termination for non-performance. For Boeing, cooperation with businesses abroad is becoming significantly evident as an alternative response. In an alliance, both companies share some risk in the investments they have made, financially or otherwise, in the common activity. Technical training or startup assistance agreements require involvement of the two organizations over the period of time which covers the training period and can be terminated by prearrangement. The degree of involvement is defined by that which is needed to support a small training team in a foreign location for what is usually a short time. A joint-venture strategy predicates a long and indeterminate lifetime for the alliance and requires only limited commitment. For Motorola, marketing subsidiary would help to penetrate the market and remain competitive for a long-time. Marketing subsidiary is an effective way for a company to overcome import restrictions and p olitical instability. Market penetration is likely to be greater than under exporting, and profit potentials are larger than with licensing. The costs of R&D are spread over more units, as are the centralized expenses. The parent company, in the process of producing and then selling overseas, learns about foreign markets and ways of doing business overseas (Tayeb 2000; Arnold & Quelch, 1996). 2. Vietnam is the third fast growing country in the world with the population 85,262,356 (International Data Base 2007). Statistical results suggest that Vietnam has a hogh rate of population growth in contrast to other countries. In 2000, its population was 79,060,410, and it is predicted that in 2050 it reaches 107,772,641 (International Data Base 2007). An increase in population growth rate has both a positive and negative impart on three companies. On the one hand, an increase in the population growth rate has a negative, 'resource swallowing' effect that depresses the level of per capita income; since the propensity to save also has a positive impact on the level of per capita income, it becomes important to determine the influence of the population growth rate on the fraction of income saved; three companies need to consider that countries (like Vietnam) with higher rates of population growth should tend to have lower levels of per capita income. For three companies, population growth proposes opportunities: entering the new market, they should take into account decreased consumption per capita income and increased labor market (Tayeb 2000). Also, the companies should be aware of cultural differences and strong corporate culture. In Vietnam HRM is the prerogative of senior management. HRM has elevated human resource issues to a position of key strategic importance. The main opportunity for the company is that the Vietnamese like to try something new. In societies like Vietnam the power distance is large and formed the basis of social relations. It is important to note that collectivistic society shows concern for a much wider group and emphasize belongingness which can extend to organizations. Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty. These variables shape the values and hence the behavior of people and their consumption patterns. Language differences and brand perception is another area of conc ern for three American companies. In global

Pathophysiology of DORV and Surgical Management

Pathophysiology of DORV and Surgical Management Advances in genetic techniques and ability to detect the chromosomal abnormalities in the cellular structures; have had a great impact on the detection of congenital cardiac defects. Although in the past congenital heart diseases have long been recognised as a constituent of complex genetic syndromes, a genetic cause for specific congenital heart diseases has less been apparent; as the sources of these defects has been believed to be multifactoral. In addition, with the advancement of the molecular genetic studies, it has come to light that in many instances, congenital heart diseases exhibit classic Mendelian transmission. It is also possible to trace the direct involvement of a gene with a particular congenital cardiac defect. Tetrology of Fallot has been found to have genetic predisposition, it is estimated that offspring of a parent with tetrology of Fallot is more likely to suffer from the disease in comparison to offsprings whose parents do not suffer from congenital heart disease. Studies estimated that about 1.5% of live births will be affected by tetrology of Fallot if the parents suffer from the defect and about 0.1% will be affected by the presence of tetrology of Fallot if parents do not suffer from congenital heart disease. In comparison in DORV chromosomal abnormalities have only been identified in some cases. In the Baltimore-Washington infant study, DORV was diagnosed in a few patients with downs syndrome and in trisomies 13 and 18, although the incidence was quite low compared with that morphologically similar lesion, tetrology of Fallot. In addition the related conotruncal abnormality, complete transposition of the great arteries, was not found in any patient with trisomy in reported study, this suggests that DORV and transposition of great arteries may be etiologically similar and may be fundamentally different form tetrology of Fallot in terms if developmental mechanism. Also DORV and Transposition of Great arteries are rarely found in patients with CATCH 22 syndromes, although tetrology of Fallot is not uncommon. In a large sample study of patients with conotruncal abnormalities to evaluate the frequency of 22q11 deletions, only 1of 20 patients with DORV as compared to 15.9% of the patients with tetrology of Fallot. The studies have also reported that DORV may be a part of complex CHD in patients with DiGeorge, velocardiofacial and conotruncal anomaly-face syndrome. In a resent animal study it was reported that DORV occur in mouse embryos homozygous for the JMJ mutation, which affects the nuclear protein jmj coded by chamber-specific genes. Surgical Management Surgical management for the DORV and tetrology of Fallot is determined by the anatomy and physiology of the defect as well as the age at which the diagnosis is made and at which the need for surgical intervention arises. Indications for operation are similar to those for defects that lie on each side of the DORV spectrum (VSD, tetralogy of Fallot, and Transposition of great arteries). In addition the presence of associated cardiac defects may modify the approach. In DORV the position of VSD and the presence and severity of pulmonary stenosis are probably the most important considerations. In tetralogy of Fallot most patients have satisfactory systemic arterial oxygenation saturation at birth and require no treatment. However when the oxygen saturation drops below 75-80% operative intervention becomes imperative. Hypoxemic spells may occur from the transient reductions in pulmonary blood flow, due to sudden increase in right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and the decrease in systemic vascular resistance, so a surgical approach takes into consideration the number and location of ventricular septal defects, anatomy and severity of right outflow tract obstruction, coronary artery and aortic arch anatomy and the presence of other cardiac and non cardiac anomalies. Depending on the severity of the cyanosis two types of surgical streams are available. There are two basic possible types of surgical strategies for newborn infants with tetralogy of Fallot. One of the strategies consists of a staged repair; where initial palliation is followed by a complete repair and other one being a complete repair in the neonatal period. Palliative surgical correction, which often does not require the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, is the creation of systemic to pulmonary shunt. This correction is achieved by connecting systemic blood flow source to a the pulmonary blood flow, as already mentioned the main feature of this congenital defect is the reduced flow to the pulmonary system which is the basis of cyanosis. The palliative repair is done by fitting a tubular prosthesis between a systemic artery and a pulmonary artery as shown in the figure (?) (a, b and c). The commonest type of systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt is a modified Blalock-Taussig anastomosis which is a communication between a subclavian and pulmonary artery of the same side. Another form of palliative correction is done by creating a connection between ascending or descending aorta and the trunk of pulmonary artery. The connection which connects the posterior ascending aorta to anterior pulmonary trunk is called Waterston shunt and connection bet ween posterior pulmonary artery to anterior descending aorta is called potts shunt. Both of these techniques have there advantages and disadvantages (figure (S) e and f). Figure ( ? ) The most common types of palliative procedures for tetralogy of Fallot. The modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (MBTS) using a Gore-Tex graft either from the right subclavian artery (A) or the right innominate (INN) artery (B). C, A central aortopulmonary shunt using Gore-Tex. D, A right ventricular outflow patch without ventricular septal defect closure. Pathophysiology of DORV Once the anatomic variables of DORV are understood, the various physiologic manifestations become both logical and predictable, at the tetrology end of the DORV spectrum; pathophysiology is similar to that in the tetrology of Fallot. The most important variables determining the physiology of a given heart are the position of the VSD in relation to great arteries, the relation of the great arteries to each other and the presence of associated defects (in particular, outflow tract obstruction). In general patients with large VSD and no pulmonary stenosis or severe pulmonary vascular resistance are not clinically cyanotic. This is because Qp is high and the resultant mixture of blood in the right ventricle has a high enough oxygen saturation to prevent clinically evident cyanosis; however there is some arterial desaturation. Although both great arteries arise from the right ventricle, often incomplete mixing of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood occurs at the ventricular level because of streaming. This streaming of blood within RV is usually determined by the relationship of semilunar valves to the VSD and the position and presence of the infundibular septum. The blood in the great artery most closely related to the VSD and therefore most aligned with LV outflow tract tends to have the highest oxygen saturation. Likewise, the great artery that due to streming, preferentially receives systemic venous return, tends to have a lower saturation. This phenomema is somewhat different from true single ventricle physiology. In DORV with subaortic VSD and no pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary blood flow will be determined by the relationship of pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance. What is usually the case after the first few weeks of life pulmonary vascular resistance is less than systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary blood flow will be greater than systemic flow, resulting in higher than normal pulmonary arterial saturation and congestive heart failure. As the pulmonary vascular resistance increases in response to this abnormal volume load, pulmonary blood flow correspondingly decreases. Eventually, if left untreated, this usually results in pulmonary vascular obstruction disease with severely and irreversible elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, causing progressive cyanosis and early mortality. However if when the VSD is in subaortic position with pulmonary stenosis, whether valvular or subvalvular, obstruction to pulmonary blood flow is found. Conduction System In tetrology of Fallot the sinus and atrioventricular nodes are normal in location, and the bundle of His follows the same general course as in patients with isolated perimembraneous and juxtatricuspid VSDs. Thus it emerges through the right fibrous trigone at the base of the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve and courses forward toward the papillary muscle of the conus along the inferior VSD margin or slightly to the left side of the defect edge. In addition, hearts which show marked clockwise rotation of the aortic root with overriding, the right trigone is carried more rightward and superiorly and directly into VSD margin. By contrast, the bundle of His does not lie on VSD margin when a muscle ridge is present, since the ridge projects superiorly above the right fibrous trigone. In DORV with concordant AV connections the AV node lies in the usual position in the muscular portion of the AV septum. The bundle of His penetrates the fibrous right trigone of the central body and lies along the posteroinferior margin of the VSD in lesions that are juxtatricuspid wheter the defect is subaortic, doubly committed, or sub-pulmonary. When muscle is interposed between the defect and the tricuspid valve, this muscle protects the bundle, which no longer runs along the posteroinferior free margin of the defect. Oxygenation Hemodynamic representation of Tetrology of Fallot (indicating right to left shunting) Supply of oxygen to the body Due to the mal-alignment and deviation from the normal physiology, the main issue of the patients with tetarology of Fallot is hypoxemia due to inadequate pulmonary blood flow caused by the inadequate pulmonary blood flow, which is determined by the right ventricular pressures and degree of obstruction. Since the right and left ventricular and aortic pressure is equalized, a drop in systemic arterial pressure will result in a reduction in pulmonary blood flow. Oxygen carrying capacity of blood depends mostly on haemoglobin concentration and greater the haemoglobin concentration in the blood that perfuses the lungs, the greater the amount of oxygen extracted per unit of blood flow. In neonates the haemoglobin concentration is relatively high (15 to 18 g/dL), however it drops to about 10 or 12g/dL by 3-4 months after birth. In neonates with tetralogy of Fallot there is an increase in blood level of erythropoietin due to hypoxemia. Iron is required to maintain or increase in haemoglobin levels; however suckling infants have very low stores of iron and food intake in early infancy provides little iron. Therefore there is a high incidence of anaemia in children with tetralogy of Fallot. On the other hand tetraology spectrum of DORV, where the great arteries lie side by side with aorta to the right of pulmonary artery and both semilunar valves lying in the same transverse and coronal plane the physiology is similar to tetralogy of Fallot. In these neonates the VSD is closer to aortic valve thus oxygenated blood form left ventricle is directed to the aorta and the deoxygenated blood is directed to pulmonary artery but the degree of pulmonary stenosis directs portion of deoxygenated blood into aorta. In addition due to the presence of large VSD both ventricles are subjected to similar pressures. Due to the pulmonary stenosis the blood flow to the lungs is restricted causing drop in the pulmonary systolic pressure, which in turn causes hypoxemia. The pulmonary stenosis is most often infundibular, but may be valvular, with or without a small pulmonary valve ring. In doubly committed VSD category of the DORV spectrum the conoventricular septal defect is both subaortic and sub-pulmonary owing significant conal septal mal-development and mal-position. The hemodynamics change in that case will also be determined by the presence or absence of subaortic or sub-pulmonary stenosis. Therefore cases with sub-pulmonary stenosis will have reduction in the pulmonary blood flow and will result in the hypoxemia and thereby cyanosis corresponding physiological characteristics of tetralogy of Fallot. Also in cases of non-committed DORV majority of great vessels arise form right ventricle thus right ventricle is subjected both pulmonary and aortic circulation resistance. Oxygenated blood form left ventricle gets mixed with non-oxygenated blood through VSD making systemic and pulmonary circulation equal. In addition due to left and right shunting right ventricle is volume overloaded and results in congestive heart failure. Additionally, the stimulation for the formation of red cells continues and very high counts of red cells are achieved, but the cells are microcytic and hypochromic, since the average corpuscle volume and average corpuscle haemoglobin are markedly reduced. Also the rise above 60% increases the blood viscosity. This raised viscosity of blood leads to greater resistance to flow through the tissues and ultimately capacity to transport oxygen vanishes. In transposition spectrum of DORV the physiology is different then described above, since the presence of large sub-pulmonary VSD and its commitment to the pulmonary artery; the course of circulation is dependent on the afterload on each ventricle, as shunting could occur in either direction. In this type of defect the oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery is higher than in systemic circulation. The high oxygen saturation of pulmonary arterial blood will however decrease the pulmonary vascular resistance and consequently will result in right to left shunting during systole. This will result in some decrease in PO2 of blood distributed to the lungs as well as through ductus arteriosus. On the other hand during diastole a larger volume of blood will return from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and ventricle and thus results in a left to right shunting. As a result, the oxygen saturation of the blood going to systemic circulation is increased and thus tends to limit the abnorm al decrease in the upper body PO2. A characteristic of this defect is the presence of a large unrestrictive VSD with which the mixing of pulmonary and systemic blood takes. This phenomena result in a relatively large pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio and consequently high systemic oxygen concentrations; therefore limiting the tissue hypoxia. However the inability of the ventricles to maintain the physiological normal pressures cardiac failure is often associated in infants with transposition spectrum of DORV. Infants with this type of physiology usually appear with mild cyanosis and in congestive heart failure. In addition if there is effective mixing but pulmonary flow is reduced by the presence of pulmonary stenosis or increased pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary to systemic flow ratio decreases and arterial saturations will be lower and subsequently will result in tetrology of Fallot type pathophysiology. Right to Left Shunts. Now just for a moment let us consider a large VSD assocoiated with pulmonary valve stenosis which is severe enough to have a resistance greater than systemic vascular resistance. Just like the last case, this ratio of resistances results in reversal of the shunt. This is in fact an unusual combination, but the point here is that the situation mimics the haemodynamics of tetralogy of Fallot. Also it shows how associated pulmonary stenosis can have a great influence on cardiac malformations on many sorts. We will meet it again in the commom mixing situations. On the other hand with no pulmonary stenosis look at the difference Right to Left Shunts. I am making a morphological point here: tetralogy of Fallot is not a coincidence of pulmonary stenosis and VSD but the consequence of right ventricular outflow tract and central pulmonary artery hypoplasia. The diagram can be adjusted to accentuate this, as above. Tetralogy has a variable and sometimes spasmodic stenosis of the muscular right ventricular outflow tract. Sometimes, particularly early in life, the degree of obstruction is not great and the infant may present with signs of a VSD shunting left to right. Qp:Qs (Ratios Pulmonary to systemic Ratios) Double outlet Right ventricle hemodynamic representation (DORV -Common mixing) In many cases of complex congenital cardiac disease it can be quite difficult to understand how the degree of systemic desaturation reflects the flows in malformed heart. It helps to realise that many of them fall into this group of common mixing circulation, which is to say that all pulmonary and systemic venous blood streams are obliged to come together at some point in the circulation. They are: Totally anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Univentricular heart. Double outlet right or left ventricle. All simple valve atresias. Fallot pulmonary atresia. Truncus arteriosus. And any of the above in combination with any other defect. If there is complete mixing of the systemic and pulmonary returns, it follows that pulmonary and systemic arterial saturation will be identical. Due to streaming effects, the mixing may not be quite complete but the saturations will still be nearly identical. This all means that some degree of systemic desaturation will be present. The degree of cyanosis is dictated by the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow as shown in the figure above, in which Qp is pulmonary flow and Qs is systemic. Often, particularly in the univentricular heart and in the double outlet ventricles, it is asssociated pumonary stenosis which determines the ratio of Qp to Qs. Some patients with a Qp high enough to keep systemic saturation above 94% or so will not be clinically cyanosed. Time and space do not allow a full descrtiption of all the pathologies so we will take one example, double outlet right ventricle. Double outlet right ventricle is a good example of the haemodynamic variability of this group. The figure above shows the circulation in a case where there is a large ventricular septal defect, no pulmonary stenosis and no significant rise in the pulmonary vascular resistance. Pulmonary blood flow is elevated and the radiograph will show plethora. The high ratio between pulmonary and systemic venous return means that the saturation of the mixed flow, and therefore of the aortic blood, is 90%, which is barely detectable clinically as cyanosis INTRODUCTION  Ã‚  In 1888, Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot described three cyanotic patients with four similar anatomic features [1]: Stenosis of the pulmonary artery Intraventricular communication Deviation of the origin of the aorta to the right Concentric right ventricular hypertrophy This constellation of findings has since become known as tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). The prevalence of TOF in the United States is about 3.9 per 10,000 live births [2]. This defect accounts for about 7 to 10 percent of cases of congenital heart disease and is one of the most common congenital heart lesions requiring intervention in the first year of life [3]. TOF occurs equally in males and females [4]. The pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of TOF will be reviewed here. An overview of the management of this disorder, including postoperative complications and issues related to pregnancy, are discussed separately. (See Overview of the management of tetralogy of Fallot.) ANATOMY  Ã‚  The exact embryologic abnormality that accounts for TOF is unknown. What is recognized is that during development, there is anterior and cephalad deviation of the infundibular septum. This results in a malaligned ventricular septal defect (VSD), with the aortic root overriding the defect and leading to subsequent right ventricular outflow obstruction (figure 1). The ensuing right ventricular hypertrophy is thought to be a response to the large VSD and right ventricular outflow obstruction with resultant systemic right ventricular systolic pressure. Ventricular septal defect  Ã‚  The VSD in TOF is most commonly a single large malaligned subaortic defect located in the perimembranous region of the septum (picture 1). The VSD can extend into the muscular septum. There are rarely other muscular ventricular septal defects. (See Pathophysiology and clinical features of isolated ventricular septal defects in infants and children.) Right ventricular outflow obstruction  Ã‚  The right ventricular outflow obstruction is often at multiple levels (picture 2): The anterior and cephalad deviation of the infundibular septum results in subvalvar obstruction Hypertrophy of muscular bands in this region can further accentuate subvalvar obstruction The pulmonary valve annulus is usually hypoplastic, although in some instances it is of normal size The pulmonary valve itself is frequently bicuspid and stenotic In addition, it is not uncommon to identify an area of supravalvar narrowing in the main pulmonary artery at the sinotubular ridge. There may also be further obstruction at the branch pulmonary arteries. These may be diffusely hypoplastic or have focal areas of stenosis, most commonly at the proximal branch pulmonary arteries. The proximal left pulmonary artery near the site of ductal insertion is a frequent location for stenosis (picture 3A-B). Overriding aorta  Ã‚  Overriding aorta is a congenital anomaly, in which the aorta is displaced to the right over the VSD rather than the left ventricle. This results in blood flow from both ventricles into the aorta. The degree of aortic override of the VSD can vary widely and is one of the major factors used by some groups to differentiate between TOF and double outlet right ventricle. If one defines double outlet right ventricle as the presence of aortic/mitral valve fibrous continuity, then the degree of override is not relevant to diagnosis. If, however, one defines double outlet right ventricle as a condition with greater than 50 percent aortic override, then, by definition, the degree of aortic override in TOF is limited. Associated cardiac features  Ã‚  There are a number of frequently associated anatomic features that are important to look for when evaluating a patient with TOF, since they affect therapy. Associated cardiac anomalies occur in about 40 percent of patients with TOF. Approximately 25 percent of patients have a right aortic arch. This is particularly important to identify if one is contemplating a palliative shunt. Abnormalities of the coronary arteries, such as the left anterior descending arising from the right coronary artery, are seen in about 9 percent of patients [5]. These are important to identify prior to complete repair, since the course of the artery may run directly across the right ventricular outflow tract; inadvertent transection could have catastrophic consequences. Occasionally, patients have significant aorticopulmonary collateral vessels that may require attention prior to or at the time of surgery. A patent ductus arteriosus, multiple ventricular defects, and complete atrioventricular septal defects may be present. Infrequently, aortic valve regurgitation is present due to aortic cusp prolapse. GENETIC FACTORS  Ã‚  Although TOF may present as part of a known syndrome, this lesion typically occurs sporadically without other anomalies. Surveys of patients with nonsyndromic TOF have reported the following genetic abnormalities: In one study of 114 patients with nonsyndromal TOF, 4 percent of patients had mutations in transcription factor NKX2.5., which appears to have a role in cardiac development [6]. In genome-wide surveys of patients with nonsyndromic TOF and their parents, de novo copy number variants were estimated to be present in about 10 percent of sporadic cases of TOF compared to less than 0.1 percent in controls at several chromosomal locations [7]. Tetralogy of Fallot has also been reported in association with mutations in TBX1 and ZFPM2 [8-10]. Further investigation is required to determine the role of these mutations in the evolution of Tetralogy of Fallot. Approximately 15 percent of patients with TOF present with associated syndromes, including Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Alagille syndrome (mutations in Jagged1), and DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes (deletion on chromosome 22q11) [8,11-17]. There may be susceptibility genes for TOF within the latter region of chromosome 22q11 in children without extracardiac anomalies [16,18,19], and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is unrecognized in many adult patients with TOF [20]. (See DiGeorge syndrome: Pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations  and Inherited disorders associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, section on Alagille syndrome.) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY  Ã‚  The physiologic consequences of TOF are largely dependent upon the degree of right ventricular outflow obstruction. Since the VSD is typically large and unrestrictive, the pressure in the right ventricle reflects that of the left ventricle. As a result, the direction of blood flow across the VSD will be determined by the path of least resistance for blood flow, not by the size of the VSD. If the resistance to blood flow across the obstructed right ventricular outflow tract is less than the resistance to flow out of the aorta into the systemic circulation, blood will naturally shunt from the left ventricle to the right ventricle and into the pulmonary bed. In this situation, there is predominately a left-to-right shunt and the patient will be acyanotic. As the degree of right ventricular outflow obstruction increases, the resistance to blood flow into the pulmonary bed also increases. If the right ventricular obstruction is significant enough to increase resistance, it will be easier for blood to cross the VSD from the right ventricle into the left ventricle and go out the aorta, which now becomes the path of least resistance. This right-to-left shunt across the VSD will result in a large volume of desaturated blood entering the systemic circulation and cyanosis and polycythemia will ensue (figure 1). One of the physiologic characteristics of TOF is that the right ventricular outflow obstruction can fluctuate. An individual with minimal cyanosis can develop a dynamic increase in right ventricular outflow tract obstruction with a subsequent increase in right-to-left shunt and the development of cyanosis. In the most dramatic situation, there can be near occlusion of the right ventricular outflow tract with profound cyanosis. These episodes are often referred to as tet spells or hypercyanotic spells. The exact etiology of these episodes is unclear, although there have been a number of proposed mechanisms, including increased infundibular contractility, peripheral vasodilatation, hyperventilation, and stimulation of right ventricular mechanoreceptors [21]. CLINICAL PRESENTATION  Ã‚  The clinical presentation of the patient with TOF is dependent upon the degree of right ventricular outflow obstruction: Children with severe obstruction and inadequate pulmonary flow typically present in the immediate newborn period with profound cyanosis Children with moderate obstruction and balanced pulmonary and systemic flow may be noticed during elective evaluation for a murmur Children with minimal obstruction may present with pulmonary overcirculation and heart failure Most children with this lesion are symptomatic and cyanotic; there is a subgroup, however, with typical morphology and hemodynamics that remains clinically asymptomatic for a period of time (pink variant). In general, the earlier the onset of systemic hypoxemia, the more likely it is that severe pulmonary outflow tract stenosis or atresia is present. Physical examination  Ã‚  On inspection, individuals with TOF are usually comfortable and in no distress. However, during hypercyanotic spells, they will become hyperpneic, and infants will often become agitated. If cyanosis is present, it is most easily seen in the nail beds and lips. On palpation, one may appreciate a prominent right ventricular impulse and occasionally a systolic thrill. Hepatomegaly is uncommon. Peripheral pulses are usually normal, although the presence of prominent pulses may suggest the existence of a significant patent ductus arteriosus or aorticopulmonary collaterals. Cardiac auscultation  Ã‚  On auscultation, the first heart sound is normal, and the second heart sound is most commonly single because the pulmonic component is rarely audible. Third and fourth heart sounds are uncommon. An early systolic click along the left sternal border may be heard, which is thought to be due to flow into the dilated ascending aorta. (See Auscultation of heart sounds.) Murmur  Ã‚  The murmur in TOF is due primarily to the right ventricular outflow obstruction, not the VSD. The murmur is typically crescendo-decrescendo with a harsh systolic ejection quality; it is appreciated best along the left mid to upper sternal border with radiation posteriorly. It can, however, have a more regurgitant quality that can be easily mistaken for a VSD. (See Auscultation of cardiac murmurs.) The murmur is due both to the degree of obstruction and to the amount of flow across the obstruction. In TOF, unlike isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis, the amount of flow across the right ventricular outflow tract will decrease as the obstruction increases, due to the shunting of blood right-to-left across the VSD. Thus, as the obstruction increases, the murmur will become softer. During severe hypercyanotic spells, the murmur may actually disappear due to the markedly diminished flow across the obstruction.

Murder in Cathedral Essay

T.S.ELIOT is one of the great drametists in English literary worlde. From his literature, we can feel the great aesthetic pleasure. I have studied various plays included in my course. But â€Å"murder in cathedral† really different in them. It has its own greatness and the literary heights. Poetic form Eliot felt, is the most apt form of expression in the theatre. In his view, Ibsen, Stirnberg, and Chekhov were the limits of prose. In contrast to them are Yeats and Hofmannsthal who kept alive the ancient and traditionally affinity between drama and poetry. â€Å"Doctor Faustus†, â€Å"Pygmalion†, â€Å"The Alchmeist†, â€Å"the playboy of the western world†, â€Å"look back in anger† and other plays which are in my course have different style, diction, story, language and all the literary things. But â€Å"murder in cathedral† has the strength that it is the great poetic drama written by Eliot. It is the great play as a poetic drama. In â€Å"the music of poetry† (1942) Eliot acknowledges his bias in favour of the poetry to which he was indebted as a poet, and says that the music of poetry is not independent of the meaning. The meaning of poetry is sometimes beyond the poet’s intentions. He saw possibilities of theme recurrence and transitions in poetry as in music, and thought the concert hall more likely to quicken poetry them the opera house. He said that without poets of unusual sensibility and command of language, culture will deteriorate â€Å"poetry and drama† is notable for the retrospective attention. Eliot gives to his own development as a playwright, he finds that he has been writing variations on the theme of poetic drama throughout his career. For Eliot the highest aim of poetic drama is to bring us to the border of those feelings which are expressible only in music, without leaving the everyday world of dramatic action. â€Å"look back in anger† was considered a revolutionary Play but it has no element of poetic drama. Ben Jonson’s â€Å"The Alchemist† has the great touch of great characterization and language but it has not the simplicity and continuous development of the story like â€Å"Murder In The Cathedral†. â€Å"Doctor Faustus† is a tragic drama but as a poetic drama â€Å"Murder In The Cathedral† has its own class in drama. â€Å"Pygmalion† is primerarly a play about speech and phonetics, but related to it are Shaw’s social concerns. Eliot was accurately aware of the fact that his play was to be performed like Greek tragedy. T.S.Eliot’s essays on drama can be devided in to three parts; first, the Elizabathen essaya which discuss the criteria for drama. Second his assessment of the situation in contemporary theatre and ideal of poetic drama. Eliot’s statement about his ideal of poetic drama are rarely useful for the critic and the writers. He was has own thoughts different from others on poetic drama. So, his drama â€Å"Murder in Cathedral† has all the poetic element on which Eliot gave statements and thoughts. He creats the different way for poetic drama in English literature. While advocating the need for a poetic drama in modern times, Eliot stated that â€Å" a new dramatic literature can not come about until audience and producers can help poets write for the theatre.† He thought about the future of poetic drama that time, we can believe that â€Å"Murder In Cathedral† is Eliot’s most successful integration of his dramatic theories. No doubt, there are many great plays in English literature but â€Å"Murder in Cathedral† is special for the readers.